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Why everyone must deny the difference principle

Steven Nemes
2 min readNov 12, 2020

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Suppose that you believe that some part of reality is necessary, whatever that part might be, and some part of it is contingent, whatever it might be. Whatever is necessary, is and could not be otherwise. Whatever is contingent, is but could be otherwise or could even fail to be at all. Call the contingent aspect of reality C and the necessary aspect of reality N.

What is the relation that obtains between C and N?

Either C has an efficient cause or it does not.

If it does not, then it is a contingent reality which exists uncaused, a brute fact in violation of the Principle of Sufficient Reason or of any other such principle of metaphysics.

If it has an efficient cause, then it either efficiently causes itself or else is efficiently caused by N. Presumably it cannot cause itself, nor could it be caused by something other than what is included within N and C. Beyond the necessary and the contingent, there is only the impossible.

If N is the efficient cause of C, then the efficient causality of N either obeys the difference principle or it does not.

The difference principle states that a possible difference in effect presupposes a possible difference in the cause. If the cause cannot be otherwise, then its effect cannot be otherwise.

If the causality of N obeys the difference principle, then C as the effect of N cannot be otherwise than it is because N cannot be otherwise than it is, so that a modal collapse follows. Being what it is without possibly being different, C collapses into N.

Therefore, if one is to avoid a modal collapse, one must deny that the efficient causality of N obeys the difference principle. In other words, it does not itself have to be possibly different in order to cause a different effect. The only possible solution to the problem of modal collapse for the person who believes there is some causal connection between the necessary part of reality and the contingent part is to deny that the causality of the necessary part operates in accordance with the difference principle.

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Steven Nemes
Steven Nemes

Written by Steven Nemes

I have a PhD in Theology from Fuller Theological Seminary.

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